Vineyard Golf Club in Edgartown opened in 2002 as an ultra-exclusive private club on 225 preserved acres of Martha's Vineyard. Island residents concerned about protecting the aquifer mandated fully organic turf management as a condition of opening, making it the only all-organic golf course in the United States. The original links-inspired layout was designed by Donald Steel's firm with architect Tom Mackenzie; Gil Hanse completed a major 2015 redesign with five new holes and reworked greens and routing. President Barack Obama played the course during 2009-2010.